Challenges of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Clinical Essay

Challenges of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Clinical Engineering Practice - Essay Example It is also evident that, scientific studies on FES have not extensively focused on navigating their research outside persons with stroke (Enderle and Bronzino 2012). There is some research gap that needs to be covered in order for FES to be used in other areas. The use of FES for the hemiplegic shoulder have been proved to be troublesome to some patients since some cutaneous pain receptors get stimulated, and this has been cited to affect tolerance and compliance (Fred, et al 2009). In this regard, it is crucial for the Bio-medical Engineering practitioners to broaden the spectrum of the application and use of FES to other medical practitioners such as psychiatrics in order to help in advising and counselling person with stroke before and after the use of FES devices (Bronzino 2000). Introduction Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is an area of modern rehabilitation engineering and method that is used to generate contractions in paralysed muscles through the application of small pulses of electrical stimulation to nerves present in the paralysed muscle (Peng, et al 2010). This process is controlled in regard to the proper functioning of the muscle. FES as an application revolves around orthotics, which aids walking in addition to practising functional movements that are related to therapeutic benefit. It is important to note that the application of FES is mostly used in clinical engineering in treating nerves and muscles. Besides, the stimulator used in this process must be substantially tiny to allow it to merge with the patient (Grill, et al 2001). Notably, efficiency of FES is best demonstrated when the nerves supplied by muscle appear not to be damaged. Hence, this application has been used in Clinical Engineering in conditions such as spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, head injury and stroke among other nerves and muscles relates conditions. Similarly, the application could be used in orthopaedic condition where there is weakness of the muscle as a result of disuse or inhibition. Conversely, Functional Electrical Stimulation is not recommended for lower motor neurone conditions such as polio, guillain-barre syndrome, as well as, other conditions that are related to low motor neurone (Sheffler and Chae 2007) Majority of the patients who are involved with this application are known to use to FES in their daily activities. With time, patients continuously become less acquainted to the device resulting to an ultimate control of their limb. According to a recent research conducted by a scientist in the medical field, therapeutic effect of FES is crucial in ensuring that there are means that brings back function to those patients who suffer from upper motor neuron lesions. In fact, over the past fifty years, FES has been widely used on individuals with leg muscle dysfunction and spinal injuries. This application is used to evoke movements in individuals who are experiencing dysfunction in their joints, and spinal injuries. The elec trical currents are mostly used through application on the skin surface into the individual’s paralysis (Dollar 2007). Apparently, FES is used for alternative functions such as generating hand grasps in patients who might be suffering from tetraplegia, as well as, causing an upright posture and locomotion especially in patients who are suffering from paraplegia.

Axiomatic Account of Scientific Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Axiomatic Account of Scientific Theories - Essay Example As the study outlines logical axioms refer to an argument or reasoning which is taken to be true within the system of the logic they define. On the other hand, non-logical axioms are actually defining properties for the domain or of the domain of a certain mathematical theory. For instance, a non logical axiom can be presented mathematically as: x+y = y+x. In this case, the axiom can be used to imply assumptions, or a postulate. Therefore, to make a system of knowledge or a domain of knowledge an axiom is to show that its claims can be deduced from the axiom(s). From this paper it is clear thst hypothetical deductive model claims that these method requires a hypothesis to be made first. That is, a prediction is made with the expectation of its opposite to be the expected results. It is thus referred to as a falsification process since the hypotheses has to be proved not to be true but if it is done so, by the research to be true, then they are said to be collaborated by their predictions. In relation to the axiomatic account, this theory has its premise or the backdrop of reasoning in its hypothesis. More so, the hypothesis in the Hypothesis-Deductive theory is the basis of reasoning as compared to axiomatic account where the axiom is the premise for reasoning. What would be considered the best argument for scientific realism is the idea that scientific knowledge and ideas are progressive rather than retrogressive in nature. Therefore it is able to make predictions about an idea or an issue in question much successful. This element of scien tific realism makes it very much reliable as it is very clear to be followed since one aspect whether observable or unobservable leads to the other in a logical manner.

Employment practices of wal-mart

Employment practices of wal-mart Introduction In the current global business world, companies are required to take consideration about its employees values and to follow ethically sound practices. Business ethics is the term people use in dealing with proper business behavior and is related to being fully aware of the consequences of the companys actions. Being aware means two things: first, adhering to the rules, laws, principles of morality, and other concerns regarding fairness and the needs of others; and second, taking responsibility of the effects to the customers, employees, and the society as a whole of the processes by which the company uses in making and rendering products and services. Founded in 1962, Wal-Mart is the worlds leader in sustainability, employment opportunities, and corporate philanthropy. It ranked first in Fortune Magazines 2010 Most Admired Companies survey and is now employing 2.1 million people worldwide (Wal-Mart, 2011). With competitive prices it sets for its products, Wal-Mart was able to destroy competitors such as Kmart and thousands of small businesses. Moreover, through profit savings from their exceptional relationship with the suppliers and operational efficiency, Wal-Mart was able to pass on its cost savings to its customers, thereby attracting them and expanding their market share in the retail industry. However, to maintain its profitability and sustainable growth, the company needs to reevaluate its strategies through internal environmental scanning. This paper will deal with the business ethics of Wal-Mart particularly its employment practices and how its organizational leadership comes into play. The writer believes that Wal-Marts employment practices are unattractive to peoples minds and include discrimination, inhumane practices, and undocumented workers. The paper will touch these ethical dilemmas, provide evidences to support each practice, and identify the principles in conflict under the Global Business Standards Codex. The paper will come into conclusion by proposing strategies on how these ethical standards can be changed in order to resolve the problem. Arguments and Discussions The Global Business Standards (GBS) Codex is a benchmark for businesses wanting to develop their own world-class code (International Monetary Fund, 2009). It comprises of simplified picture of the expected conducts of todays corporations. The authors of GBS identified eight principles (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008) that companies must follow in creating new codes of conduct or assessing existing ones, namely, the principles of fiduciary, reliability, fairness, dignity, transparency, responsiveness, and citizenship. The creating or assessment of the code of conduct is the preliminary step for companies attempting to deal with global business ethics. The first conflict of Wal-Marts policies with the GBS Codex is with regard to the principle of fairness. Individuals finding jobs in work organizations may find that some companies incorporate opportunities for advancement while others do not. Jobs lacking in career path are less likely to offer promotions and salary increases. The common people taken out from then managerial career path are the women and minorities (Konrad, 2006). The companys old-fashioned culture reflects to the store policies. Many policies have been implemented that somehow discriminate employees especially women and strict employee to employee relationships. Women are rarely seen in management positions and at most they are not allowed to be in the top management. The federal class suit Dukes et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Spangler et al. 2008). in 2001, is the largest civil rights suit regarding discrimination based on gender. It was represented by 1.6 million women workers of Wal-Mart who were employed from 1998-2001. The plaintiffs challenged the recruitment, promotion and payment policies of the company as a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII, which prohibited workplace discrimination (Cq Researcher, 2009). The women claimed that Wal-Mart and its Sams Club division deny equal pay and promotions especially for managerial positions against women who were working on hourly and salaried bases. Moreover, according to them, during conversations about promotions or assignment to another department, they receive friendly and casual reminders or suggestions, yet in reality, these are discouragements. Despite the debates on the legality of the class suit, maintaining the ruling in Dukes will force Wal-Mart in complyi ng with the provisions of Title VII (Sherwyn, 2009). Other evidence of discrimination were the categorization of men and women into homogeneity by deciding on what is beneficial for them rather than asking them about their preferences (Bessen and Kimmel, 2006). For instance, the top management assumes that women employees would not be interested in the meat and sports goods department so they assign men on those departments instead. The departments where women are assigned at also consist of more walks and problems as well as lesser opportunities for advancement. Furthermore, most women experienced being assigned to a second shift for the reason that they have to continue the unfinished woks of their male colleagues. These practices of the company are not limited during work hours but also after in places beyond the companys premises which create anomic situations against women. The second unethical employment practice of Wal-Mart is the inhumane treatment of employees, a violation of the principle of dignity under GBS Codex. One instance of this was the locking up of two workers in order to clean the stores overnight (Mayhew, 2008). This issue was featured in the movie Wal-Mart and was written on the front page in New York Times.The justification of the company was to prevent these people from stealing goods since it is logical that when employees are locked off, it would be difficult for them to get away with the merchandise (Fishman, 2006). There were also reports that two nongovernmental organizations in the United States filed a suit against the company for subjecting factory workers to inhumane conditions and hazardous chemicals, and in Bangladesh for letting the factory workers work at 19-hour shifts (Kline, 2010). Other inhuman practice of the company involves forcing the employees to work even after they had punched out because according to the mana gement, they havent finished effectively their jobs yet. Critics view this as an excuse of the company to drive down overtime payment costs (Fishman, 2006). The third conflict against GBS Codex by Wal-Mart is with regard to the principle of transparency by failing to document the true names and numbers of workers. The U.S Immigration and Naturalization Service arrested 250 undocumented workers during their inspection in some Wal-Mart stores (Glicken, 2010). In 2003, the federal government arrested 300 undocumented workers and in March 2005, the company gave a settlement fee of $11 million for utilizing undocumented workers in its 21 stores (Atkins, 2008). Profit making is likely the primary motivation of Wal-Mart in hiring these undocumented workers (Hing, 2010). The use of these undocumented workers gives the company high labor savings since the former have lower wage rates and are not given fringe benefits. Conclusions Taking care of employees is more than giving them fair compensation. It also touches on the companys concern for the nurturing of their skills, mental and emotional health. In other words, the company should deal with the totality of their being as it strives to attain their financial goals. Wal-Mart failed these by practicing discrimination against women, employing inhumane practices especially to their factory workers, and utilizing undocumented workers. Women already won the debate over working equally with men. A lot of women are working as effectively as the men in the same job. To motivate Wal-Marts employees in terms of policies, the company should revise those policies that show discrimination and unequal opportunities. One way to resolve this is to increase the number of managerial positions or create a more stringent basis of promoting employees. With regard to the inhuman practices of the company, they should support and enhance unionism to give the workers stronger voice in enforcing their rights against such unethical practice. The company as well should revise its policy of giving low prices to consumers yet sacrificing employees welfare. There should be a balance between profit maximization and enhancement of employees well-being. On the issue of undocumented workers, the workers should first obtain a legal status in order to represent themselves. Moreover, the governments where Wal-Mart operates should have a more efficient documentation of the workers coming to and fro the country. In this way, the use of undocumented workers will easily be detected and addressed. On the part of Wal-Mart, it should review its delegation of tasks so that there would be no way to exploit undocumented workers.

Tom Jones and Joseph Andrews

1. INTRODUCTION The novel is a literary gender which was developed late, firstly in the Modern Ages achieving its maturity in the 19th century, although it has its precedents in earlier periods, for example in the Antiquity and the Oriental literatures. According to Wikipedia: â€Å"A novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events in the form of a sequential story, usually. The genre has historical roots in the fields of medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella.The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century†. (Wikipedia) So, Henry Fielding was born in a period in which the novel was not fully developed, and he could be considered as a pioneer of this genre. His first major novel was â€Å"The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend, Mr. Abraham Adams†, published in 1742. The novel was a satire of the Samuel Richardson ’s novel â€Å"Pamela† as a continuation of â€Å"Shamela†, a pamphlet which was a parody of â€Å"Pamela†.But the difference between â€Å"Shamela† and â€Å"Joseph Andews† lies in the parody, meanwhile â€Å"Shamela† is a parody, â€Å"Joseph Andrews† started as a parody but finally the novel turned into an independent work, the characters and plot have their own history. The following and most famous work of Henry Fielding was â€Å"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling†, published in 1749. In this novel, Fielding expresses a lot of things of his own life and things of the situation of England in that moment.But, on the contrary of which is thought, â€Å"Tom Jones† is not an historical novel in the sense of express a lot of things of the context of Great Britain (for example, the Jacobite Revolution in which Fielding was very interested, is only named two times in the book, which makes the reader set the novel in a context and a specific period but do not try to tell all the story of England), but in the sense of creating â€Å"histories† of its characters, Fielding was an innovator with this structure.So the novel is considered an historical novel but not in the sense in which most people understand it. Henry Fielding had a lot of works, novels and plays. But the purpose of this essay is to make a comparison between the two novels named before, â€Å"Tom Jones† and â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, focusing on their structure in which will be analyzed the characters, and the style of the two novels trying to find the similarities and the differences. 2. A COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE IN TOM JONES AND JOSEPH ANDREWS 3. 1. CHARACTERSAlthough, there are a lot of characters in both novels, this essay is going to focus on the most important characters such as Tom Jones, Sophia Western and Allworthy in â€Å"Tom Jones†, and Joseph Andrews, Fanny, and Parson Adams in â€Å"Jos eph Andrews†. Tom Jones is the main character of the novel â€Å"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling†. And Joseph Andrews is the main character of the novel â€Å"The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend, Mrs. Abraham Adams†. As main characters they have many things in common. For example, at first, it was believed that Tom Jones was the son of Jenny Jones, so he was â€Å"adopted† by Mr.Allworthy and he was treated like a boy of the lower class, but finally, he discovered that he was the son of Bridget Allworthy, and his uncle, Mr. Allworthy named him heir of all his fortune. In â€Å"Joseph Andrews† was something similar. At first, it was believed that Joseph was the son of Mr. Gaffer Andrews and Mrs. Gamer Andrews who also belonged to the lower class, but finally, Joseph Andrews discovered that he is the son of a gentleman called Mr. Wilson. But a difference between Tom and Joseph is how they deal with women.Joseph was pur sued by Lady Booby and he rejected her and left her house in which he was working as a servant. He travelled to his home again and he met with Fanny, a girl who he was in love with. But Tom had many affairs with women, for instance, with Molly Seagrim, and after confessing his feelings to Sophia Western (who was deeply in love with him), Tom began an affair with Lady Bellaston and Mrs. Waters. Anyway, Tom Jones is gentleman who always tries to treat women with respect. Tom also treats women with the utmost respect, obliging their desire to be courted by pretending to be the seducer even when they are seducing him.Tom refuses to abandon Molly for Sophia and is plagued by his obligations to Lady Bellaston. Nonetheless, Tom's refusal of the tempting marriage proposal of Arabella Hunt—whose last name underscores the fact that Tom is hunted more often than he is the hunter—indicates that he has mended his wild ways and is ready to become Sophia's husband. Tom's gallantry re veals itself in his relationships with men as well as women, however. This spirit is evident in Tom's insistence on paying the drinking bill for the army men at Bristol, and in his gallant defense of himself in the duel. Sparknotes) On the contrary, Joseph Andrews tries to be a gentleman but he is not. And Joseph is, as C. J. Rawson has noticed, something of a parody of a gentleman rather than a gentleman. It is really a distinction between nature and nurture, for Joseph is born a real gentleman (without knowing it) but does not quite manage to carry himself like one: he has â€Å"the most perfect Neatness in his Dress, and an Air, which to those who have not seen many Noblemen, would give an Idea of Nobility† (38-39; 1, 8).But those who have seen many noblemen would, presumably, not be deceived by such an appearance. (Varey) Anyway, although Joseph Andrews is not a real gentleman â€Å"in his manner†, he is â€Å"unaffected†, â€Å"honest†, and â€Å"ca ndid† (Varey). In â€Å"Tom Jones†, we find the character of Sophia Western who is the other main character in the novel. She is the person in who Fielding shows the virtue of the innocence. But, although she is like a delicate girl and innocent, she faces her father and her aunt because she loves Tom and she does not want to marry Bilfil.Sophia is the essence of womanhood in the novel. She is very honest and obedient in the novel but she also has a sense of independence towards her father’s wishes. After she and Tom are lovers and Tom is extradited from the town Sophia is willing to go against her father’s order to stay and marry Blifil and she leaves the town to go and find Jones. Although Sophia is very honest and loving she does not think like Jones. She is not dedicated like Jones. She puts her personal interest before the welfare of others. The History of Tom Jones) In â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, we find the character of Sophia in â€Å"Tom Jonesà ¢â‚¬ , Fanny she is the girl who is in love with Joseph and she has a lot of similarities with Sophia, both of them are innocents and sensitive, but they fight for their love. She has sensibility, sweetness, and gentility; in short, she is the perfect object for Joseph's love, and the way in which she immediately takes to the road in search of Joseph after hearing of his plight testifies that she too has a depth of feeling all too rare in this novel.Yet she also possesses a deep sense of modesty; and, in all honesty, one must admit that Fanny is a little too perfect. But part of her charm is in the way Fielding uses her in his comic contrasts. (Cliffnotes) Finally, the last character of â€Å"Tom Jones† which will be analyzed is Mr. Allworthy. The reader only has to read the last name of this character to realize how he is, and how he is going to act along the novel. Allworthy is the person who takes Tom Jones and â€Å"adopts† him when he knew that Tom Jones’ mother commit a sin being pregnant of a man and not marrying with him.He is the protector of Tom Jones; he is like an ideal man: He is intelligent, virtuous, charitable, compassionate and cautious. Tom is good, generous and honest, but he has a lack of caution and a faith to use it as an obstacle to the temptations of the flesh to be like Mr. Allworthy. But in â€Å"Joseph Andrews† we find Parson Abraham Adams. He is who leads Joseph in the adventures. Although he is a little bit â€Å"dreamer†, he is the character which set the moral basis in the novel. Adams is a very good man and yet a very human man; he has his head in the clouds and although his feet are on the ground, they are usually in puddles.Comic though he is, he is the firm pivot of the novel's moral influence. It is his belief in charitable action which distinguishes him as a parson from such hypocritical boors as Trulliber. Like Joseph and Fanny, he acts on his feelings, and it is because of this affinity that he is such a fine guardian and guide to the young pair. (Cliffnotes) 2. 2 STRUCTURE / STYLE Henry Fielding was known for his style of writing. In â€Å"Tom Jones† and â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, he represents the virtues, and he uses the satire.According to the structure, â€Å"Joseph Andrews† has a lot of picaresque: the action takes place on the road and in inns. And the most of the events, in which Joseph or Adams are involved, are independent from each other. Fielding introduces such events, and the stories between the main story, to underline and satirize the selfish and hypocritical behavior which is common in all the classes of the society. Fielding creates a lot of characters of all types, from the lower class and upper class such as aristocrats, landowners, clergies, doctors, lawyers, actors, drivers and innkeepers.In Joseph Andrews characters of inferior rank and manners are numerous. [†¦] The list includes more innkeepers, an hostler or two, a c oachman, and various rustics. His portrayal of these â€Å"inferior† characters and their conversation shows Fielding’s familiarity with the lower classes and their speech, which he insists is as important to the novelist as a knowledge of â€Å"upper life†. (Bissel: 69) The structure of â€Å"Tom Jones† is very similar to â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, but it is a novel larger, which includes evocations of the life in the land and scenes of the London life.In the preface of â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, Fielding notes that he sees the novel as an â€Å"epic poem in a mocking tone and prose†. The epic poem represented a narrative way renowned for the tradition in which the author could inspire himself, without fear of the critics, when he wanted to create a new kind of literary work. â€Å"Tom Jones† is a novel extraordinary good planed. It is supported in the structure of the epic-poem: a central action which moves forward with regular steps to a final target and of which events contribute in some way to the whole narration.Tom Jones, as a new Ulysses, he sees him forced to leave his home, and after a lot of adventures which polish his personality and put his qualities down, finally he comes back to his home to meet with his â€Å"Penelope†, the faithful Sophia Western. The period of adventures reminds a lot to the picaresque atmosphere of â€Å"Joseph Andrews† and, as in this one, the war deeds take place in inns. The influence of Cervantes in â€Å"Joseph Andrews† is obvious and the author himself admits it. Parson Adams and Joseph Andrews, as Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, go through the paths and share adventures which are told with humor. More obvious than any of these, the influence of Cervantes appears not only in the resemblance between Don Quixote and Parson Adams, but also in a number of similarities in manner and incident. (Battestin) Adams and Don Quixote are characters, who due to their idealism lose contact with the reality; both of them assume the good intentions of the different characters they meet and that is the reason why all people trick him. As Adams looks like Don Quixote, Joseph Andrews looks like Sancho Panza. There are some similarities between them.Sancho represents the realism and Joseph personifies an extreme idealism almost grotesque. Sancho is a character who develops along the novel. At first, he is the rational character and Don Quixote is crazy, but finally it is to the contrary and Sancho goes crazy. And Joseph also develops. At first, he seems like a ridiculous character and without personality, but along the novel he leaves of being the parody of Pamela and he turns into a character with personality and own identity who matures and starts to realized of the reality that is around them.At the end, he turns into a character which has a more realistic vision of the world. In â€Å"Tom Jones†, the main character with the same name is the version of Don Quixote and he has the services of his own Sancho Panza who is represented in the character of Partridge, the ex-teacher of the school, victim of the destiny, who, as Tom Jones, has been exiled because of a crime which he did not commit. Of course, the humor is present along the novel and it is one of the bases of it.There are characters really hilarious such as Partridge, the servant of Tom Jones, (as it has been already said, the Sancho Panza of Tom Jones). He is always making Tom losing the patience with his plenty of verbosity and his never ending Latin cites. Another example is the Mr. Western, Sophia’s father, a mixed of bad manners, little drunk and fan of the hunting, who is responsible of many of the funniest scenes of the novel. The ability of Fielding for the satire never ends. He satirizes all the social classes, they all come off badly and there is not any character hich is not satirized. â€Å"Tom Jones† is a novel really modern. Fielding knew how to represent the double moral of the human beings, the inevitable tendency to the contradiction and the debility about the temptation; the heroes of this story give in to reprehensible impulses (at least from the point of view of the moral of that period), and their behavior is not always as people could expect. Fielding shows the inconstancy of the soul through the funny adventures, but with a background of clever satire far from negligible.Moreover, the fact that the women of this story are the model of behavior and being judged with a very advance look is very relevant. The tutor of Tom, Mr. Allworthy (whose last name shows how he is), put wisely in balance the behavior of the young’s mother, whom he accuses of have a baby without husband; additionally, he convinces Sophia’s father to allow her daughter of getting married with the person who she believes is the best. The aunt of Sophia faces his brother to defend the social position of the woman as a member of the society, with the same rights and duties as men.It is vital to appreciate the limited role that Fielding gives to burlesque; he is attempting to describe the real nature of comedy, just as Joseph Andrews will attempt to discover the real nature of everyone and everything. In linking himself with Hogarth, the â€Å"comic history† painter whose works are in the â€Å"exactest copying of nature,† Fielding presents an argument later echoed by Henry James: â€Å"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life.When it relinquishes this attempt, the same attempt that we see on the canvas of the painter, it will have arrived at a very strange pass† (â€Å"The Art of Fiction,† 1884). (Cliffnotes) 3. CONCLUSION In summary, as it has been shown in this essay, â€Å"Tom Jones† and â€Å"Joseph Andrews† have many similarities. Fielding reproduces the same moral and virtuous style in both of them. He makes th e main characters with similar personalities such as Tom Jones and Joseph Andrews, or Sophia Western and Fanny.In the style, the reader can see how Fielding tried to recreate in his novels (a part of the influence of the classical literature such as â€Å"The Odyssey†), the influence of Cervantes’ â€Å"Don Quixote†, and the introduction of the picaresque in his novels. At first, it was believed that â€Å"Joseph Andrews† was inspired in â€Å"Don Quixote†, but the fact is that â€Å"Tom Jones† has a lot of that picaresque and the role plays of the main characters as Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. And of course, in both of them, the reader can find lots of moral and satire.In addition to the fact that â€Å"Joseph Andrews† started as a parody of Pamela, it became as an independent novel and finally it was a novel with personality and different stories. It became in a critic, a satire of the social classes and the society in general of his time, as â€Å"Tom Jones†, which was considered as an historical novel, but not because of the references to the History, but to the creation of histories between the characters and the similarities between them and the reality. 4. WORKS CITED Bissel, Frederick Olds.Fielding's Theory of the Novel. New York: Cooper Square Publishers Inc. , 1933. Print. Compton, Neil. Henry Fielding Tom Jones. A Casebook. Macmillan, 1970. Print. Inserni, . â€Å"Primary Characters:. †Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The History of Tom Jones† Analysis of Characters. Blogger, 13 Sep 2011. Web. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Johnson, Maurice. Fielding's Art of Fiction. Eleven Essays on Shamela, Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones and Amelia. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969. Print. â€Å"Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding. †Ã‚  Cliffnotes.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Web. 21 Mar 2013. The Moral Basis of Fielding's Art. A Study of Joseph Andrews. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1959. Print.  "Tom Jones (Novela). †Ã‚  Wikipedia. La Enciclopedia Libre. Wikipedia Commons, 12 Mar 2013. Web. 21 Mar 2013. Varey, Simon. Joseph Andrews. A Satire of Modern Times. G. K. Hall ; Co. , 1990. Print. Withington, Keri. â€Å"Character analysis: Joseph Andrews, by Henry Fielding. †Ã‚  Helium. Where Knowledge Rules. Helium Inc. , 05 May 2007. Web. 21 Mar 2013.

The National Of Public Policy - 1194 Words

Moore, Turcotte, Winter and Walp, of the University of Calgary’s School of Public Policy, recently undertook a series of surveys of Canadian residents to establish baseline energy literacy levels in the general population and within the business and policy leader and Aboriginal-Canadian populations (Moore, Turcotte, Winter, 2012; 2014, Moore, Turcotte, Winter Walp, 2013). For the purposes of their study they defined energy literacy as â€Å"a term that reflects a composite of consumer’s values and knowledge regarding the energy system that supports daily activity in the home, commerce and industry† (Moore, Turcotte, Winter Walp, 2013, p. 1). Their findings suggest Canadians have a good general knowledge of energy use and relative cost; however they also show that they’re deficient in their knowledge of energy fuels, sources, and the relationship these have to environmental impacts (Moore, Turcotte Winter 2012). Interestingly, this knowledge deficiency was not only prevalent in the general population, but also within the ranks of our business and policy leaders, the very individuals influencing and deciding on energy policy issues (Moore, Turcotte Winter Walp, 2013). A 2015 energy literacy survey conducted by Alberta Oil magazine has reinforced concerns about low energy literacy levels. This survey indicated that only 31.1 % of respondents consider themselves well informed about energy. However, the same survey also found that less than 28.6 % of respondents correctlyShow MoreRelatedThe American Economy : Public Policy, National Deficit, Debt, And The National Debt Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy is an incredibly complicated entity that is intricately tied to the government. In a time where the national debt is equals almost twenty trillion dollars, it’s important to understand both how the American economy works and the economic policies surrounding it. 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How a business charts its growth in the current market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2556 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Landmarks Group is charting its growth path into the new millennium. The Group is confident that the plans and changes put into place over the past three years will enable us to achieve our vision of being a leading player in the lifestyle sector in the South East Asian region. The Group has reviewed the master plan for the water resort city development in Treasure Bay Bintan. The improving property investment scenario, especially in Singapore, has encouraged the Group to work towards the launching of Phase 1, which includes a marina, yacht club, themed resorts, private residences and commercial areas, before the end of 2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How a business charts its growth in the current market" essay for you Create order The Andaman is now operated by Starwood and rebranded as a premier Luxury Collection Resort which will raise the profile of the hotel amongst the discerning guests. Starwood, a leading international hospitality company and operator, is expected to complement and further enhance the unique and innate qualities of our resort and bring it to the next level of growth. The Group recorded a Profit after Tax of RM9.5 million for the financial year ended 31 December 2009. This was mainly due to our share in the revaluation gain recorded by our associated company, MSL Properties Sdn.Bhd, amounting to RM9.8 million. Their main operating subsidiary, The Andaman, recorded an operating profit of RM17 million for the year ended 31 December 2009, which is an increase of 5.4% compared to the preceding year. Their cash reserves of RM230 million, comprising RM220 million in cash and RM10 million in short term investment, remained intact during the year. Coupled with the improving credit environment and risk appetite of the financial institutions, the Directors have decided to declare a dividend for 2009 to our shareholders of 1% less tax. We thank our shareholders for their patience and continued support during difficult times. Besides that, Shangri-La for the year ended 31 December 2009, the Group recorded a 12% decrease in revenue to RM 367.371 million compared with RM 415.447 million in 2008, mostly due to the material declines in revenue contributions from Shangri-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur and Golden Sands Resort. Group profit before tax for the year was RM51.505 million, 28% below that of RM71.474 million achieved in 2008. The Groups profit attributable to shareholders consequently dropped to RM35.353 million in 2009 from RM 49.267 million the previous year. Earnings per share were 8.03 sen for 2009 as compared to 11.20 sen in 2008. The Group continues to maintain a healthy balance sheet and financial position. As at the end of 2009, shareholders equity of the Group stood at RM748.275 million, up from RM739.322 million at the 2008 year-end. In tandem, Group net asset value per share increased to RM1.70 from RM1.68 at the end of December 2008. The Groups consolidated net debt at the yearend amounted to RM 168.970 million compared with a net debt level of RM154.319 million at 31 December 2008, reflecting the increased borrowings taken on during the year mainly to finance the renovation programmers at Shangri-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur and Golden Sands Resort. Group net gearing at 31 December 2009 was 23% versus 21% as at the previous year end, and remains well within the debt capacity of the Group. Shangri-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur had a challenging year, with business levels in both rooms and food and beverage operations impacted significantly by renovation disruptions and poor market conditions. The major work to upgrade all the guestrooms at the hotel that began in April 2008 was fully completed at the end of November 2009. Landmark Shangri-La 279774000-26135000 =253639000 69220000-202709000 =-133489000 Net working capital= Current assets Current liabilities 2 company comparative down, Landmarks comparison have the ability to return his debt, Shangri-La instead not ability has debts. Shangri-La owes debts than he is of asset, Landmarks is 253639000 and Shangri-La is -133489000. Landmark Shangri-La 279774000 26135000 =10.7 69220000 202709000 =0.3 Current ratio= Current assets Current liabilities Current assets normally include cost, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventories, current liabilities consist of accounts payable, short-term notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt, accrued taxes and other accrued expense. Shangri-la current ratio is 0.3, this company is getting into financial difficulty, it begins paying its bills more slowly, borrowing from its bank and so on. If current liabilities are rising faster than current assets, the darrent ratio will fall and this could spell trouble. Because the current ratio provides the best single indicator of the extent to which the claims of short-term creditors are covered by assets that are expected to be converted to cash fairly quickly, it is the most commonly used measure of short-term solvency. Landmark current ratio is 10.7, there can liquidity debt easily. Since current assets are scheduled to be converted to cash in the near future, it is highly probable that they could be liquidated at close to their stated value. Landmark Shangri-La 279774000- (873000) 26135000= 10.6 69220000-(9230000+19206000) 202709000= 0.2 Acid-test (Quick) Ratio Current assets (inventory + prepaid expenses) Current liabilities Acid-test (Quick) Ratio of Shangri-La is 0.2, it is low in comparison with other firms with Landmark in its industry. Besides that, Landmark their accounts receivable can be collected, the company can pay off its current liabilities without having to liquidate its inventory. Landmark Shangri-La 46776000 (5764000+7921000) 2 =6.8 times 367371000 (29420000+31094000) 2 =12.1 times Account receivable turnover Net credit sales Average accounts receivable This Account receivable turnover is the ratio of the number of times that accounts receivable amount is collected throughout the year. A high accounts receivable turnover ratio indicates a tight credit policy. A low or declining accounts receivable turnover ratio indicates a collection problem, part of which may be due to bad debts. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is included in the financial statement ratio analysis spreadsheets highlighted in the left column, which provide formulas, definitions, calculation, charts and explanations of each ratio. 2 company comparative down, Landmark comparison have the ability to return his debt, Shangri-La instead not ability has debts. Landmark need to use 6.8 time to pay his debts, but Shangri-La is 12.1 time to also, so Landmark comparison have the ability to also debt Landmark Shangri-La 5764000 46776000/365 = 44.9 day 29420000 367371000/365 = 29.2 day Account receivable turnover Account receivable Daily credit sales A high turnover indicates higher cash basis sales or efficient collections. A low turnover indicates collection problems and possible bad debts. Most companies do not charge interest on accounts receivable unless the account becomes past due. An extension of credit is then essentially an interest free loan to customers and not collecting payments on time creates inefficiency and opportunity costs for the company. For example, the company could use the cash to invest the money and earn interest, pay down debt from which the company is incurring interest expenses, or finance growth opportunities instead of having money tied up in accounts receivable. It is also a business risk that a certain percentage of customers will not pay balances due at all, so measures of uncollectible accounts should be made when it can be reasonably estimated. Estimates are usually based on historical uncollectable. Landmark Shangri-La 17984000 (873000+1450000) 2 =15.4 times 51505000 (9230000+11592000) 2 =4.9 times Inventory turnover ratio Cost of goods sold Average inventory Each item of Landmark inventory is sold out and restocked, or turn over 15.4 times per year. Landmark excess inventory is of cause, unproductive and it represents an investment with a low or zero of return. Shangri-La low inventory turnover ratio also makes us questions the current ratio. With such a low turnover, we must wonder whether the firm is actually holding obsolete good not worth their stated value. Landmark Shangri-La 46776000 2102172000 =0.02 times 367371000 1065890000 =0.3 times Total asset turnover Net sales Total fixed asset The total asset turnover represents the amount of revenue generated by a company as a result of its assets on hand. This equation is a basic formula for measuring how efficiently a company is operating. The sale represents all the revenue generated by the company and is disclosed on a companys income statement. The total asset represents the assets listed on the companys balance sheet. The higher ratio of sales to net total assets is the better. Landmark only 0.02 times, so they have a good use of their asset, Shangri-La is 0.3 times therefore said they did not take advantage of. Once the asset, the more their profits would also more. Landmark Shangri-La 46776000 2381946000 = 0.01 times 367371000 1135110000 =0.3 times Total asset turnover Net sales Total asset Landmark only 0.01 times, so they have a good use of their asset, Shangri-La is 0.3 times therefore said they did not take advantage of. Landmark is not generating a sufficient volume of business given its total asset investment. Sales should be increased, some assets should be disposed of, or a combination of these steps should be taken. Landmark Shangri-La 675642000 2381946000 =0.28% 317203000 1135110000 =0.28% Debt ratio Total liabilities Total asset Total debt includes both current liabilities and long-term debt. Creditors prefer low debt rations because the lower the ratio, the greater the cushion against creditors losses in the event of liquidation. Landmark and Shangri-La debt ratio is 28 percent, which means that its creditors have supplied less than half the total financing. Landmark and Shangri-La debt ratio is 28 percent, so creditors may be reluctant to lend the firm more money and management would probably be subjecting the firm to the risk of bankruptcy if it sought to increase the debt ratio. Landmark Shangri-La 675642000 9791000 =69 317203000 35353000 =8.9 Debt / equity ratio Total liabilities Stockholders equity Debt or equity ratio is measure of a companys financial leverage calculated by dividingits total liabilitiesbystockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. A high debt or equity ratio generally means that a company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. This can result in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense. If a lot ofdebt isused to finance increasedoperations high debt to equity, the company could potentially generate more earningsthan it would have without thisoutside financing.If this were to increase earnings by a greater amount than the debt cost interest, then the shareholders benefit asmoreearnings are being spread among the same amount of shareholders. Landmark Shangri-La 7586000 4012000 =1.8 times 51505000 5005000 =10.2 times Times interest earned ratio Earnings before interest and tax Interest expense The times interest earned ratio measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest costs. Failure to meet this obligation can bring legal action by the firms creditors, possibly resulting in bankruptcy. Shangri-La interest is covered 10.2times, if the times is higher their will stable and can pay their interest. Gross profit margin Landmark Shangri-La 28792000 46776000 =0.6 56748000 367371000 =0.15 Gross profit Net sales A financial metric used to assessa firms financial health by revealing theproportion of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold.Gross profit margin serves as thesource for paying additional expenses and future savings. Gross margin, gross profit margin or gross profit rate is the difference between the sales and the production costs excluding overhead, payroll, taxation, and interest payments. Gross margin can be defined as the amount of contribution to the business enterprise, after paying for direct-fixed and direct-variable unit costs, required to cover overheads fixed commitments and provide a buffer for unknown items. It expresses the relationship between gross profit and sales revenue. It is a measure of how well each dollar of a companys revenue is utilized to cover the costs of goods sold Net profit margin Landmark Shangri-La 9515000 46776000 =0.2 44227000 367371000 =0.1 Net profit Net sales Profit margins vary by industry, but all else being equal, the higher a companys profit margin compared to its competitors, the better. Net profit divided by net revenues, often expressed as a percentage. This number is an indication of how effective a company is at cost control. The higher the net profit margin is, the more effective the company is at converting revenue into actual profit. The net profit margin is a good way of comparing companies in the same industry, since such companies are generally subject to similar business conditions. However, the net profit margins are also a good way to compare companies in different industries in order to gauge which industries are relatively more profitable also called net margin. Return on total assets Net income Average total assets Landmark Shangri-La 4729000 (2381946000+2386381000) 2 =-0.19% 190000 (1135110000+1074039000) 2 =-0.017% Return on total assets ratio that measuresa companys earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) againstits total net assets. The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a company is using its assets to generate earnings before contractual obligations must be paid. The greater a companys earnings in proportion to its assets and the greater the coefficient from this calculation, the more effectively that company is said to be using itsassets. The resulting number will reveal the companys EBIT. The EBIT number should then be divided by the companys total net assets total assets lessdepreciation and any allowances for bad debtsto reveal the earnings that company has generated for each dollar of assets on its books. Return on common equity (ROCE/ROE) Earnings available to common stockholders Average stockholders equity Landmark Shangri-La 9515000 (9791000+62865000) 2 =0.2% 44227000 (35353000+49267000) 2 =1% Stockholders invest to get a return on their money and this ratio tells how well they are doing in an accounting sense. Earnings per share (Net income Preferred dividends) Total common shares outstanding Landmark Shangri-La 4729000-0 1706304000 = -0.27 190000-0 748275000 = -0.02 The portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.Earnings per shareserve as an indicator ofa companys profitability. It is more accurate to use aweighted average number of shares outstanding over the reporting term, because thenumber of shares outstanding can change over time. Landmark Shangri-La 9867000 -0.27 = -36 428000 -0.02 = -21 Price / Earnings ratio Market price per share Earnings per share Price / Earnings ratio are higher for firms with strong growth prospects. Shangri-La this suggests that the company is regarded as being somewhat riskier than most, as having poorer growth prospects or both. Book value per share (Total stockholders equity preferred dividends) Shares outstanding Landmark Shangri-La (9791000+0) 1706304000 = -0.5 (35353000+0) 748275000 = 0.04 In most situations, the book value per share can be a pretty meaningless value. Technically, it is considered to be the accounting value of each share, which can be drastically different than what the market value per share is for a common stock.There is also very little that market value and book value have in common. Market value or price per share is a reflection of supply and demand for a stock.Usually this is based on some expectation of future performance. Landmark Shangri-La 480682000 9867000 = 48 440000000 428000 = 1028 Dividend yield Dividend per share Market price per share A financial ratio thatshows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price.In the absence of any capital gains, the dividend yield is the return on investment for astock. Investors who require a minimum stream of cash flow from their investment portfolio can secure this cash flow by investing in stocks paying relatively high, stable dividend yields. Landmark Shangri-La 480682000 -0.27 = -17 440000000 -0.02 = -22 Dividend payout Dividend per share Earnings per share Dividend payouts are one of the two usual options open to an investor when it comes to dividends generated on investment holdings. The dividend payout is the generated cash that a corporation issued to a shareholder as a dividend on the total number of shares. Depending on the structure of the stock issue, the dividend payout may involve all the net profit generated during the fiscal year, or be a portion of the net profit.

Essay on Steroids - 772 Words

Have you ever thought of doing serious weight training to give yourself a better muscular build? Have you ever thought steroids would be a helpful tool in doing so? If you have you must know that steroids are a deadly and illegal drug. After reading my paper I hope that the thought of using steroids will leave your mind forever and encourage you to keep others of them. To understand why you should stay off steroids you must first know what steroids are. The steroid of which you hear most are called, â€Å"anabolic steroids.† This kind of steroid is called anabolic because anabolic means, â€Å"building up.† They can also be called, â€Å"juice†(Mohun 21). They are a synthetic form of testosterone, the male sex hormone, that can be taken in pill or†¦show more content†¦Females undergo changes that make them more like men due to the testosterone being in their system. They have a deepened voice, hair growth, acne, and infertility (Monroe 18,35). Also steroids turn cartilage to bone, stunting growth (Rojak 25). Many of the early side effects can be reversed but long terms ones can be very damaging (Cowart and Yesalis 2). The more serious symptoms that both sexes undergo are kidney, liver, and heart disease. Tumors can be formed in the kidney and liver due to steroid use (Monroe 35). Knowing that you can weigh the pros and cons I will now tell you why people use them in the first place. Steroids are used by some high school students who are seeking scholarships or other rewards. Many coaches think that if the whole team is on them that their level of play can be raised 10% (Rojak 18). They are also used at the professional level to increase performance. Steroids are also illegal in the Olympic games. In 1988 Ben Johnson got his gold medal taken away when a test showed he was on steroids. Many athletes feel that if they aren’t using steroids they are at a disadvantage. Now that we know why they are used, we must find out who uses them exactly. Males make up 95% of total users, and 65% of those are athletes. The number of females usingShow MoreRelatedSteroid Use Of Bodybuilding And Steroids889 Words   |  4 PagesSteroid Use in Bodybuilding Chayla Vines Clover Park Technical College Abstract [The abstract should be one paragraph of between 150 and 250 words. It is not indented. Section titles, such as the word Abstract above, are not considered headings so they don’t use bold heading format. Instead, use the Section Title style. This style automatically starts your section on a new page, so you don’t have to add page breaks. Note that all of the styles for this template are available on the Home tabRead MoreAnabolic Steroids And Steroids Use1525 Words   |  7 Pagesbeans and hype (Steroids and their). All of these words are slang for the illegal substance known more commonly as anabolic steroids and HGH (human growth hormone). 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An American doctor in the 1930s developed anabolic steroids for the use of â€Å"building body tissue and preventing the breakdown of tissue† (â€Å"Athletes and Steroids†). An FDA review later failed to find evidence that these anabolic steroids had positive effects for those purposes. As time went on people found that steroids increase muscle mass significantly, and they