How a business charts its growth in the current market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2556 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Landmarks Group is charting its growth path into the new millennium. The Group is confident that the plans and changes put into place over the past three years will enable us to achieve our vision of being a leading player in the lifestyle sector in the South East Asian region. The Group has reviewed the master plan for the water resort city development in Treasure Bay Bintan. The improving property investment scenario, especially in Singapore, has encouraged the Group to work towards the launching of Phase 1, which includes a marina, yacht club, themed resorts, private residences and commercial areas, before the end of 2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How a business charts its growth in the current market" essay for you Create order The Andaman is now operated by Starwood and rebranded as a premier Luxury Collection Resort which will raise the profile of the hotel amongst the discerning guests. Starwood, a leading international hospitality company and operator, is expected to complement and further enhance the unique and innate qualities of our resort and bring it to the next level of growth. The Group recorded a Profit after Tax of RM9.5 million for the financial year ended 31 December 2009. This was mainly due to our share in the revaluation gain recorded by our associated company, MSL Properties Sdn.Bhd, amounting to RM9.8 million. Their main operating subsidiary, The Andaman, recorded an operating profit of RM17 million for the year ended 31 December 2009, which is an increase of 5.4% compared to the preceding year. Their cash reserves of RM230 million, comprising RM220 million in cash and RM10 million in short term investment, remained intact during the year. Coupled with the improving credit environment and risk appetite of the financial institutions, the Directors have decided to declare a dividend for 2009 to our shareholders of 1% less tax. We thank our shareholders for their patience and continued support during difficult times. Besides that, Shangri-La for the year ended 31 December 2009, the Group recorded a 12% decrease in revenue to RM 367.371 million compared with RM 415.447 million in 2008, mostly due to the material declines in revenue contributions from Shangri-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur and Golden Sands Resort. Group profit before tax for the year was RM51.505 million, 28% below that of RM71.474 million achieved in 2008. The Groups profit attributable to shareholders consequently dropped to RM35.353 million in 2009 from RM 49.267 million the previous year. Earnings per share were 8.03 sen for 2009 as compared to 11.20 sen in 2008. The Group continues to maintain a healthy balance sheet and financial position. As at the end of 2009, shareholders equity of the Group stood at RM748.275 million, up from RM739.322 million at the 2008 year-end. In tandem, Group net asset value per share increased to RM1.70 from RM1.68 at the end of December 2008. The Groups consolidated net debt at the yearend amounted to RM 168.970 million compared with a net debt level of RM154.319 million at 31 December 2008, reflecting the increased borrowings taken on during the year mainly to finance the renovation programmers at Shangri-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur and Golden Sands Resort. Group net gearing at 31 December 2009 was 23% versus 21% as at the previous year end, and remains well within the debt capacity of the Group. Shangri-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur had a challenging year, with business levels in both rooms and food and beverage operations impacted significantly by renovation disruptions and poor market conditions. The major work to upgrade all the guestrooms at the hotel that began in April 2008 was fully completed at the end of November 2009. Landmark Shangri-La 279774000-26135000 =253639000 69220000-202709000 =-133489000 Net working capital= Current assets Current liabilities 2 company comparative down, Landmarks comparison have the ability to return his debt, Shangri-La instead not ability has debts. Shangri-La owes debts than he is of asset, Landmarks is 253639000 and Shangri-La is -133489000. Landmark Shangri-La 279774000 26135000 =10.7 69220000 202709000 =0.3 Current ratio= Current assets Current liabilities Current assets normally include cost, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventories, current liabilities consist of accounts payable, short-term notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt, accrued taxes and other accrued expense. Shangri-la current ratio is 0.3, this company is getting into financial difficulty, it begins paying its bills more slowly, borrowing from its bank and so on. If current liabilities are rising faster than current assets, the darrent ratio will fall and this could spell trouble. Because the current ratio provides the best single indicator of the extent to which the claims of short-term creditors are covered by assets that are expected to be converted to cash fairly quickly, it is the most commonly used measure of short-term solvency. Landmark current ratio is 10.7, there can liquidity debt easily. Since current assets are scheduled to be converted to cash in the near future, it is highly probable that they could be liquidated at close to their stated value. Landmark Shangri-La 279774000- (873000) 26135000= 10.6 69220000-(9230000+19206000) 202709000= 0.2 Acid-test (Quick) Ratio Current assets (inventory + prepaid expenses) Current liabilities Acid-test (Quick) Ratio of Shangri-La is 0.2, it is low in comparison with other firms with Landmark in its industry. Besides that, Landmark their accounts receivable can be collected, the company can pay off its current liabilities without having to liquidate its inventory. Landmark Shangri-La 46776000 (5764000+7921000) 2 =6.8 times 367371000 (29420000+31094000) 2 =12.1 times Account receivable turnover Net credit sales Average accounts receivable This Account receivable turnover is the ratio of the number of times that accounts receivable amount is collected throughout the year. A high accounts receivable turnover ratio indicates a tight credit policy. A low or declining accounts receivable turnover ratio indicates a collection problem, part of which may be due to bad debts. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is included in the financial statement ratio analysis spreadsheets highlighted in the left column, which provide formulas, definitions, calculation, charts and explanations of each ratio. 2 company comparative down, Landmark comparison have the ability to return his debt, Shangri-La instead not ability has debts. Landmark need to use 6.8 time to pay his debts, but Shangri-La is 12.1 time to also, so Landmark comparison have the ability to also debt Landmark Shangri-La 5764000 46776000/365 = 44.9 day 29420000 367371000/365 = 29.2 day Account receivable turnover Account receivable Daily credit sales A high turnover indicates higher cash basis sales or efficient collections. A low turnover indicates collection problems and possible bad debts. Most companies do not charge interest on accounts receivable unless the account becomes past due. An extension of credit is then essentially an interest free loan to customers and not collecting payments on time creates inefficiency and opportunity costs for the company. For example, the company could use the cash to invest the money and earn interest, pay down debt from which the company is incurring interest expenses, or finance growth opportunities instead of having money tied up in accounts receivable. It is also a business risk that a certain percentage of customers will not pay balances due at all, so measures of uncollectible accounts should be made when it can be reasonably estimated. Estimates are usually based on historical uncollectable. Landmark Shangri-La 17984000 (873000+1450000) 2 =15.4 times 51505000 (9230000+11592000) 2 =4.9 times Inventory turnover ratio Cost of goods sold Average inventory Each item of Landmark inventory is sold out and restocked, or turn over 15.4 times per year. Landmark excess inventory is of cause, unproductive and it represents an investment with a low or zero of return. Shangri-La low inventory turnover ratio also makes us questions the current ratio. With such a low turnover, we must wonder whether the firm is actually holding obsolete good not worth their stated value. Landmark Shangri-La 46776000 2102172000 =0.02 times 367371000 1065890000 =0.3 times Total asset turnover Net sales Total fixed asset The total asset turnover represents the amount of revenue generated by a company as a result of its assets on hand. This equation is a basic formula for measuring how efficiently a company is operating. The sale represents all the revenue generated by the company and is disclosed on a companys income statement. The total asset represents the assets listed on the companys balance sheet. The higher ratio of sales to net total assets is the better. Landmark only 0.02 times, so they have a good use of their asset, Shangri-La is 0.3 times therefore said they did not take advantage of. Once the asset, the more their profits would also more. Landmark Shangri-La 46776000 2381946000 = 0.01 times 367371000 1135110000 =0.3 times Total asset turnover Net sales Total asset Landmark only 0.01 times, so they have a good use of their asset, Shangri-La is 0.3 times therefore said they did not take advantage of. Landmark is not generating a sufficient volume of business given its total asset investment. Sales should be increased, some assets should be disposed of, or a combination of these steps should be taken. Landmark Shangri-La 675642000 2381946000 =0.28% 317203000 1135110000 =0.28% Debt ratio Total liabilities Total asset Total debt includes both current liabilities and long-term debt. Creditors prefer low debt rations because the lower the ratio, the greater the cushion against creditors losses in the event of liquidation. Landmark and Shangri-La debt ratio is 28 percent, which means that its creditors have supplied less than half the total financing. Landmark and Shangri-La debt ratio is 28 percent, so creditors may be reluctant to lend the firm more money and management would probably be subjecting the firm to the risk of bankruptcy if it sought to increase the debt ratio. Landmark Shangri-La 675642000 9791000 =69 317203000 35353000 =8.9 Debt / equity ratio Total liabilities Stockholders equity Debt or equity ratio is measure of a companys financial leverage calculated by dividingits total liabilitiesbystockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. A high debt or equity ratio generally means that a company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. This can result in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense. If a lot ofdebt isused to finance increasedoperations high debt to equity, the company could potentially generate more earningsthan it would have without thisoutside financing.If this were to increase earnings by a greater amount than the debt cost interest, then the shareholders benefit asmoreearnings are being spread among the same amount of shareholders. Landmark Shangri-La 7586000 4012000 =1.8 times 51505000 5005000 =10.2 times Times interest earned ratio Earnings before interest and tax Interest expense The times interest earned ratio measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest costs. Failure to meet this obligation can bring legal action by the firms creditors, possibly resulting in bankruptcy. Shangri-La interest is covered 10.2times, if the times is higher their will stable and can pay their interest. Gross profit margin Landmark Shangri-La 28792000 46776000 =0.6 56748000 367371000 =0.15 Gross profit Net sales A financial metric used to assessa firms financial health by revealing theproportion of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold.Gross profit margin serves as thesource for paying additional expenses and future savings. Gross margin, gross profit margin or gross profit rate is the difference between the sales and the production costs excluding overhead, payroll, taxation, and interest payments. Gross margin can be defined as the amount of contribution to the business enterprise, after paying for direct-fixed and direct-variable unit costs, required to cover overheads fixed commitments and provide a buffer for unknown items. It expresses the relationship between gross profit and sales revenue. It is a measure of how well each dollar of a companys revenue is utilized to cover the costs of goods sold Net profit margin Landmark Shangri-La 9515000 46776000 =0.2 44227000 367371000 =0.1 Net profit Net sales Profit margins vary by industry, but all else being equal, the higher a companys profit margin compared to its competitors, the better. Net profit divided by net revenues, often expressed as a percentage. This number is an indication of how effective a company is at cost control. The higher the net profit margin is, the more effective the company is at converting revenue into actual profit. The net profit margin is a good way of comparing companies in the same industry, since such companies are generally subject to similar business conditions. However, the net profit margins are also a good way to compare companies in different industries in order to gauge which industries are relatively more profitable also called net margin. Return on total assets Net income Average total assets Landmark Shangri-La 4729000 (2381946000+2386381000) 2 =-0.19% 190000 (1135110000+1074039000) 2 =-0.017% Return on total assets ratio that measuresa companys earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) againstits total net assets. The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a company is using its assets to generate earnings before contractual obligations must be paid. The greater a companys earnings in proportion to its assets and the greater the coefficient from this calculation, the more effectively that company is said to be using itsassets. The resulting number will reveal the companys EBIT. The EBIT number should then be divided by the companys total net assets total assets lessdepreciation and any allowances for bad debtsto reveal the earnings that company has generated for each dollar of assets on its books. Return on common equity (ROCE/ROE) Earnings available to common stockholders Average stockholders equity Landmark Shangri-La 9515000 (9791000+62865000) 2 =0.2% 44227000 (35353000+49267000) 2 =1% Stockholders invest to get a return on their money and this ratio tells how well they are doing in an accounting sense. Earnings per share (Net income Preferred dividends) Total common shares outstanding Landmark Shangri-La 4729000-0 1706304000 = -0.27 190000-0 748275000 = -0.02 The portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.Earnings per shareserve as an indicator ofa companys profitability. It is more accurate to use aweighted average number of shares outstanding over the reporting term, because thenumber of shares outstanding can change over time. Landmark Shangri-La 9867000 -0.27 = -36 428000 -0.02 = -21 Price / Earnings ratio Market price per share Earnings per share Price / Earnings ratio are higher for firms with strong growth prospects. Shangri-La this suggests that the company is regarded as being somewhat riskier than most, as having poorer growth prospects or both. Book value per share (Total stockholders equity preferred dividends) Shares outstanding Landmark Shangri-La (9791000+0) 1706304000 = -0.5 (35353000+0) 748275000 = 0.04 In most situations, the book value per share can be a pretty meaningless value. Technically, it is considered to be the accounting value of each share, which can be drastically different than what the market value per share is for a common stock.There is also very little that market value and book value have in common. Market value or price per share is a reflection of supply and demand for a stock.Usually this is based on some expectation of future performance. Landmark Shangri-La 480682000 9867000 = 48 440000000 428000 = 1028 Dividend yield Dividend per share Market price per share A financial ratio thatshows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price.In the absence of any capital gains, the dividend yield is the return on investment for astock. Investors who require a minimum stream of cash flow from their investment portfolio can secure this cash flow by investing in stocks paying relatively high, stable dividend yields. Landmark Shangri-La 480682000 -0.27 = -17 440000000 -0.02 = -22 Dividend payout Dividend per share Earnings per share Dividend payouts are one of the two usual options open to an investor when it comes to dividends generated on investment holdings. The dividend payout is the generated cash that a corporation issued to a shareholder as a dividend on the total number of shares. Depending on the structure of the stock issue, the dividend payout may involve all the net profit generated during the fiscal year, or be a portion of the net profit.

Essay on Steroids - 772 Words

Have you ever thought of doing serious weight training to give yourself a better muscular build? Have you ever thought steroids would be a helpful tool in doing so? If you have you must know that steroids are a deadly and illegal drug. After reading my paper I hope that the thought of using steroids will leave your mind forever and encourage you to keep others of them. To understand why you should stay off steroids you must first know what steroids are. The steroid of which you hear most are called, â€Å"anabolic steroids.† This kind of steroid is called anabolic because anabolic means, â€Å"building up.† They can also be called, â€Å"juice†(Mohun 21). They are a synthetic form of testosterone, the male sex hormone, that can be taken in pill or†¦show more content†¦Females undergo changes that make them more like men due to the testosterone being in their system. They have a deepened voice, hair growth, acne, and infertility (Monroe 18,35). Also steroids turn cartilage to bone, stunting growth (Rojak 25). Many of the early side effects can be reversed but long terms ones can be very damaging (Cowart and Yesalis 2). The more serious symptoms that both sexes undergo are kidney, liver, and heart disease. Tumors can be formed in the kidney and liver due to steroid use (Monroe 35). Knowing that you can weigh the pros and cons I will now tell you why people use them in the first place. Steroids are used by some high school students who are seeking scholarships or other rewards. Many coaches think that if the whole team is on them that their level of play can be raised 10% (Rojak 18). They are also used at the professional level to increase performance. Steroids are also illegal in the Olympic games. In 1988 Ben Johnson got his gold medal taken away when a test showed he was on steroids. Many athletes feel that if they aren’t using steroids they are at a disadvantage. 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Detailed Overview Of Space Shuttles Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(262) " against the interior of burning Chamberss and enlargement noses is able to speed up the fluid to highly high velocity, and this exerts a big reactive push on the projectile \( an equal and opposite reaction harmonizing to Newton ‘s 3rd jurisprudence \) \." aˆ? Space birds are recoverable ballistic capsule designed to be used as a launch vehicle for Earth-orbiting experiments and as a short-run research platform. Earlier projectiles were used for puting spacemans and equipments in the outer infinite. But projectiles could be used merely one time i. We will write a custom essay sample on Detailed Overview Of Space Shuttles Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. they were non reclaimable. The thought of reclaimable â€Å" infinite bird † that could be launched like projectile and made to come in the Earth ‘s ambiance like an aeroplane appealed NASA. It began planing and measuring cost of infinite bird. Finally, after many old ages of building and testing, the bird was ready to wing and the dream became truth. As we will cognize in inside informations. A ) Definition: 1 ) Etymology: â€Å" infinite bird † consists of 2 words: Space: Space ( n. ) : Century1300, â€Å" an country, extent, sweep, oversight of clip, † aphetic of Old French espace, A fromA Classical Latin spatiumA † room, country, distance, stretch of clip, † of unknown beginning. Astronomic sense of â€Å" leading deepnesss † is foremost recorded 1667 in â€Å" Paradise Lost. † â€Å" Space is n’t remote at all. It ‘s merely an hr ‘s thrust off if your auto could travel consecutive upwards. † [ Sir Fred Hoyle, â€Å" London Observer, † 1979 ] Space ( v. ) : 1703, â€Å" to set up at set intervals, † fromA spaceA ( n. ) . Meaning â€Å" to be in a province of drug-induced euphory † is recorded from 1968.A Space cadetA † bizarre individual disconnected with world † ( frequently connoting an familiarity with hallucinogenic drugs ) is a 1960s phrase, likely traceable to 1950s United States sci-fi telecasting plan â€Å" Tom Corbett, Space Cadet, † which was watched by many kids who dreamed of turning up to be one and succeeded. Shuttlecock: Shuttle ( n. ) : Old English scytelA † a dart, pointer, † from West Germanic skutilaz ( Old Norse skutillA † harpoon † ) from Proto-Germanic skut-A † undertaking † . The weaving instrument so called ( 1338 ) from being â€Å" shooting † across the togss. In some other linguistic communications, the machine takes its name from its resemblance to a boat ( Classical Latin navicula, Gallic navette, German weberschiff ) . Sense of â€Å" train that runs back and Forth † is foremost recorded 1895, from image of the weaver ‘s instrument ‘s back-and-forth motion over the deflection ; extended to aircraft 1942, to spacecraft 1969. Hence alsoA shuttlecockA ( 1522 ) . Shuttle ( v. ) : 1550, â€Å" move quickly to and fro, † fromA shuttleA ( n. ) ; sense of â€Å" conveyance via a shuttle service † is recorded from 1930. 2 ) Definition: There are many definitions for â€Å" infinite bird † : â€Å" a rocket-launched ballistic capsule able to set down like an unpowered aircraft, used for journeys between Earth and trade revolving the Earth. † â€Å" A reclaimable ballistic capsule with wings for controlled descent in the ambiance, designed to transport spacemans between Earth and an orbiting infinite station and besides used to deploy and recover orbiters. † â€Å" A infinite transit system ( STS ) developed by NASA. Consisting of a reclaimable, winged satellite ( what most people think of as the â€Å" Space Shuttle † ) , a set of recoverable supporter projectiles, and a fuel armored combat vehicle. † B ) What is infinite bird? We can state it is any vehicle capable of going repeatedly between the Earth ‘s surface and outer infinite transporting people or lading ; Any vehicle capable of repeatedly going between finishs in outer infinite transporting people or lading 1 ) Space trade: It is a trade or machine designed for space travel. Spacecraft are used for a assortment of intents, including communications, earth observation, weather forecasting, pilotage, planetal geographic expedition and infinite touristry. Spacecraft and infinite travel are common subjects in plants of scientific discipline fiction. a ) Space bird: The Space Shuttle, portion of the Space Transportation System ( STS ) , and it is the chief portion of this trade, Space Shuttle on NASA ‘s America, which is officially called Space Transportation System ( STS ) , is the ballistic capsule is used by the Government of the United States manned infinite flight, is scheduled to be withdrawn from service in 2010. At launch, the shuttle consists of: * External fuel armored combat vehicle is orange in colour. A * Rockets to force two solid-fuel, thin white supremacists and the SRB. * The satellite, which is a vehicle similar to the aircraft wing, which represents the infinite bird can transport heavy equipment into infinite, every bit good as transporting orbiter launched into infinite. The bird can be transferred spacemans to outer infinite and convey them back to Earth with a warhead of up to 32 dozenss of unreal orbiters and worlds and equipment. One of the chief advantages of this vehicle is that it is reclaimable vehicle. B ) Satellite: A orbiter is an object which has been placed into orbit by human enterprise. Such objects are sometimes called unreal orbiters to separate them from natural orbiters such as the Moon. The first unreal orbiter, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. By 2010 1000s of orbiters have been launched into orbit around the Earth. These originate from more than 50 states and have used the orbiter establishing capablenesss of 10 states. A few hundred orbiters are presently operational, whereas 1000s of fresh orbiters and orbiter fragments orbit the Earth as infinite dust. A few infinite investigations have been placed into orbit around other organic structures and go unreal orbiters to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Satellites are used for a big figure of intents. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation orbiters, communications orbiters, pilotage orbiters, conditions orbiters, and research orbiters. Space Stationss and human ballistic capsule in orbit are besides orbiters. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the intent of the orbiter, and are classified in a figure of ways. Well-known ( overlapping ) categories include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit. Satellites are normally semi-independent computing machine controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many undertakings, such as power coevals, thermic control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control. degree Celsius ) Rockets: A projectile or projectile vehicle is a missile, ballistic capsule, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains push by chuck outing a jet of fast traveling fluid from a projectile engine. The action of the fluid against the interior of burning Chamberss and enlargement noses is able to speed up the fluid to highly high velocity, and this exerts a big reactive push on the projectile ( an equal and opposite reaction harmonizing to Newton ‘s 3rd jurisprudence ) . You read "Detailed Overview Of Space Shuttles Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples"Rockets, in military and recreational utilizations, day of the month back to at least the thirteenth century. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial usage did non happen until the twentieth century, when rocketry was the enabling engineering of the Space Age, including puting pes on the Moon. Rockets are used for pyrotechnics, arms, expulsion seats, launch vehicles for unreal orbiters, human space travel and geographic expedition of other planets. While relatively inefficient for low velocity usage, they are really lightweight and powerful, capable of bring forthing big accelerations and of achieving highly high velocities with sensible efficiency. Chemical projectiles are the most common type of projectile and they typically create their fumes by the burning of projectile propellent. Chemical projectiles store a big sum of energy in an easily-released signifier, and can be really unsafe. However, careful design, proving, building and usage minimizes hazards. vitamin D ) Automatons: Robot of the infinite is a mechanical device able to transport out operations of pre-programmed and command the public presentation are normally hard and unsafe Activities such as seeking for revelation of the ambiance and gaining control images of infinite, infinite land and the universe of modern engineering serves.after a batch of the design of the technology, applied scientists succeeded in doing a automaton can swim in infinite. The automaton has unreal intelligence and have the ability to acknowledge Patterns, place systems, concluding and decision with the development.They can travel, talk and have ability to gaining control and transportation of objects. the head of automaton transportation the computing machine signal to information, it can transport them out, so change over them to computing machine once more it has ability to change over audio signals are captured by a mike to a group of written words that the automaton understood and stored in a package of automaton that can analysis and simulation to understand natural linguistic communication. C ) Use: 1 ) Advantages of infinite birds: infinite bird has ability to research the infinite by traveling spacemans to the surface of Moon to profit their societies. Peoples have begun to cognize about infinite and astronomical intents.that have made it possible to detect mountains and craters on the Moon and planets Has proceeded so far more work forces on the Moon, and completed a broad scope of remote-controlled missions to the Moon and several planets. Discovered during the past 10 old ages entirely more than 150 planets outside our solar system. on planet of Earth, universe citizens have reaped tremendous benefits from infinite geographic expedition through infinite bird that support communicating, pilotage and meteoric systems, in add-on to other distant detection. And contributed to the engineering associated with infinite geographic expedition and scientific cognition had been gained in the industry of reckoners and robotic first-class public presentation, provinces are active in the field of infinite flight has been sent ballistic capsule mechanism other than worlds to all the planets in our solar system. We expect that humans walking on the Moon once more.The infinite bird encompass 11 infinite bird flights to infinite through scientific experiments conducted in the station, to better life on Earth and pave the manner for future infinite geographic expedition. the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and its secondary warhead, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, from the United States. Involve all of those flights on some international cooperation. 2 ) Disadvantages of infinite birds: Each infinite bird flight destroys 0.25 % of the ozone bed, the people in the remainder of the universe are now reasoning about the assorted theories that attempt to explicate the causes of the ozone hole, infinite bird flights destroy the ozone bed, The 300 flight of the bird will take to the devastation of the ozone bed wholly and so infinite bird missions, which releases immense measures of toxic chemicals in every second from the minute of launch, the usage of liquid-fuel engine cleansing agent in the missiles because they are more expensive than the dry-fuel engines. In add-on, there is besides the hazard of Damage on the land, if debris re-entry into Earth ‘s ambiance. II ) History A ) Space history 1 ) Space theories: Galileo Galilei ( 1564- 1642 ) is a physicist and uranologist who was born in Pisa, Italy. Galileo made a large part in the field of uranology. Galileo made the first complete astronomical telescope, discovered that the Moon is dark but it is reflecting with a reflected visible radiation from the Sun, he discovered that the surface of the Moon is n’t level, it has uneven mountains, he besides discovered that the Milky Way consist of many separate stars. Galileo discovered the four largest orbiters of Jupiter in 1610, he studied the egg-shaped form of Saturn but his telescope restriction stopped him from the resolution of Saturn ‘s rings. He besides discovered the stages of Venus, the musca volitanss on the Sun and he confirmed his credence of the Copernican theory of the solar system 2 ) The dream became true: The development of big liquid-fueled projectile engines in the first of the twentieth century allowed the dream of researching the outer infinite to go true. Physical infinite geographic expedition happened through both human space travels and robotic ballistic capsules. Space geographic expedition helped in progressing scientific research, unifying many states, developing military advantages, and guaranting the future endurance of humanity. B ) Detecting Space During the World War II, German scientists took the first stairss into the outer infinite while proving theV2 projectile, the V2 projectile became the first human-made object in infinite. After the war, German scientists began to do projectiles in plans for military and civilian research. The cosmic radiation experiment which was launched by the U.S. on a V2 projectile in 1946 was the first scientific geographic expedition. In the same twelvemonth the first images of Earth was taken. In 1947, the first carnal experiment was achieved by raising fruit flies into infinite on a modified V2 projectile that was launched by Americans. But these experiments merely made a really short clip in infinite which was n’t utile plenty. There was a infinite race between the Soviet Union and the United provinces. The Soviet Sputnik Satellite mission in 1957 was the first successful orbital launch, it went around the Earth at a tallness of 250 kilometer. It had two wireless senders which made bleeps that could be heard by wirelesss around the Earth. The wireless signals analysis was used to garner information about the negatron denseness of the ionosphere. Two months subsequently, the American infinite plan unsuccessfully tried to establish Vanguard 1 into orbit. In 1958, the U.S. successfully launched Explorer 1 on a Juno projectile, while the Soviet Canis familiaris Laika became the first animate being in the infinite in 1957. In 1961, Vostok 1 which carried the 27 old ages old Russian Yuri Gagarin, was the first successful human space travel. The ballistic capsule orbited the universe in 1 hr and 48 proceedingss. It was a presentation of the advanced Soviet infinite plan. Yuri Gagarin After one month, the U.S. launched a individual into infinite in Mercury-Redstone 3, John Glenn ‘s Mercury-Atlas 6. The first adult female in the infinite was Valentina Tereshkova who orbited the Earth 48 times in 1963. 48 old ages after Vostok 6, China launched Yang Liwei in Shenzhou 5 ballistic capsule. C ) Space Shuttle Development Near the terminal of the Apollo infinite plan, NASA functionaries were looking to the American infinite plan ‘s hereafter. They were utilizing one-shot, disposable projectiles. They needed something that was cheaper than a projectile, possibly something that was reclaimable. They liked the thought of a reclaimable â€Å" infinite bird † that could establish like a projectile and land like an aeroplane, and they thought that it would be a proficient accomplishment. NASA and many aerospace companies began to plan, cost and applied scientist surveies on a infinite bird, they besides explored the constructs. In 1972, President Nixon announced that NASA would develop a reclaimable infinite bird or STS ( infinite transit system ) . NASA decided that the infinite bird would dwell of an satellite attached to a solid projectile supporters and an external fuel armored combat vehicle. By that clip, ballistic capsules used ablative heat shields that would fire away when the ballistic capsule re-enter the Earth ‘s ambiance, so, for the infinite bird to be reclaimable, they have to utilize a different scheme. The interior decorators of the infinite bird thought that they can cover the infinite bird with many insulating ceramic tiles that could absorb the heat of the infinite shuttle re-entry without harming the spacemans. The infinite bird was meant to wing like a plane, more like a sailplane during the landing. The interior decorators built a working satellite to prove the aerodynamic design, but it was n’t built to travel into the outer infinite. That satellite was called the Enterprise after the â€Å" Star Trek † film spaceship. The Enterprise flew many flight and landing trials, where it was launched from a Boeing 747 and glided to a landing at Edwards Air Forse Base in California. Finally, after many old ages of building and proving including the satellite, chief engines, external fuel armored combat vehicle and solid projectile supporters, the bird was ready to wing and travel into the outer infinite. NASA made four birds which are â€Å" Columbia † , â€Å" Discovery † , â€Å" Atlantis † and â€Å" Challenger † . D ) Trips and Catastrophes: In 1981 was the first flight with a infinite bird â€Å" Colombia † . Astronauts â€Å" John Young † and â€Å" Robert Crippen † piloted the infinite bird Colombia. Colombia performed good and the other birds shortly made several successful flights. In 1986, the bird â€Å" Challenger † exploded in a flight and the whole crew was lost. NASA stopped the shuttle plan for several old ages, while the grounds of the Challenger catastrophe were unknown and being investigated. After many old ages, the infinite bird flew once more and NASA built a new bird â€Å" Endeavour † to replace â€Å" Challenger † the shuttle fleet. In 2003, while the shuttle â€Å" Colombia † was re-entering the Earth ‘s ambiance, it broke up over Texas, the United States. The loss of Colombia was because of a piece of foam insularity in the size of a briefcase broke off the infinite shuttle external armored combat vehicle under the aerodynamic forces of launch. The debris struck the taking border of the left wing, that damaged the bird ‘s TPS, which protect the bird from the heat of re-entering the Earth ‘s ambiance. NASA stopped the infinite bird plan after the accident and worked difficult to do some alterations and return the birds to wing once more. The exact words of the President George W. Bush were: â€Å" This twenty-four hours has brought awful intelligence and great unhappiness to our countryA †¦ The â€Å" Columbia † is lost ; there are no subsisters. † And he announced that the infinite plan would go on: â€Å" The cause in which they died will go on. Our journey into infinite will travel on. † In 2006, the bird â€Å" Discovery † lost froth from its external fuel armored combat vehicle. NASA stopped the infinite bird plan once more and the scientists struggled to work out the job. The â€Å" Discovery † was launched two times in 2006, the first clip was in July and once more in December, harmonizing to NASA, this launch was the most photographed shuttle mission in history. The â€Å" Atlantis † was launched in September 2006, after hold due to endure, a job with the fuel cell and a faulty detector reading. The infinite birds are a antic technological progress, but they are limited when it comes to how much warhead they can take into orbit. The birds are n’t the heavy lift vehicles like the Saturn V or the Delta projectiles. The bird ca n’t travel to high heights orbits or get away the gravitative field of the Earth to go to Mars or the Moon. NASA is presently researching and seeking a new constructs to establish vehicles which van travel to the Moon or Mars. The â€Å" Colombia † Crew III ) How does infinite shuttle work? A ) Space bird theory Space bird theory is about get rid of gravitation by acquiring on a velocity of the similar velocity to get away from the ambiance. It is a Complex to cognize how to raise the 4.5 million lb ( 2.05 million kilogram ) bird from the tablet to revolve ( 115 to 400 miles/185 to 643 kilometers ) above the Earth. B ) Taking off and set downing aˆ? Taking off: On the twenty-four hours of a launch, after the concluding clasp in the countdown at T minus 9 proceedingss, the Shuttle goes through its concluding readyings for launch, and the countdown is automatically controlled by the Ground Launch Sequencer ( GLS ) , package at the Launch Control Center, which stops the count if it senses a critical job with any of the Shuttle ‘s on-board systems. The GLS hands off the count to the Shuttle ‘s on-board computing machines at T minus 31 seconds, in a procedure called car sequence start. aˆ? Landing: When a mission is finished and the bird is midway around the universe from the set downing site ( Kennedy Space Center, Edwards Air Force Base ) , mission control gives the bid to come place, which prompts the crew to: 1-Close the lading bay doors. In most instances, they have been winging nose-first and upside down, so they so fire the RCS pushers to turn the satellite tail foremost. 2-Once the satellite is tail foremost, the crew fires the OMS engines to decelerate the satellite down and fall back to Earth ; it will take about 25 proceedingss before the bird reaches the upper ambiance. 3-During that clip, the crew fires the RCS pushers to flip the satellite over so that the underside of the satellite faces the ambiance ( about 40 grades ) and they are traveling nose foremost once more. 4-Finally, they burn left over fuel from the forward RCS as a safety safeguard because this country encounters the highest heat of re-entry. C ) Inside control: When we are speaking about the inside control we know instantly that the spaceman is a really of import individual to command the bird, and is a individual trained by a human space travel plan to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a ballistic capsule. While by and large reserved for professional infinite travellers. IV ) Space shuttle constituents: A ) Outside: 1 ) Space Shuttle Tank: a ) External Tank: Is vehicle that contains two liquids are hydrogen fuel and O oxidant. During acclivity it supplies the fuel and oxidant under force per unit area to the three infinite bird chief engines, external armored combat vehicles have non been re-used. The ET is the anchor of the bird during launch, supplying strong support for fond regard with the SRBs ( solid projectile supporters ) and satellite. This armored combat vehicle connected to the satellite and the SRBs. Over the old ages, NASA has worked to cut down the weight of the ET to increase overall efficiency. LOX ( Liquid Oxygen Tank ) : is at the top of the ET ( external armored combat vehicle ) , its Length: ( 16.6A m ) – Diameter: ( 8.4A m ) . LH2 ( Liquid Hydrogen Tank ) : is at the underside of the external armored combat vehicle, The armored combat vehicle is constructed of four cylindrical barrel subdivisions, the barrel subdivisions are joined together by five major pealing frames, the LH2 armored combat vehicle has a volume of 53,488A three-dimensional pess ( 1,514.6A M3 ) . its Length: ( 29.6A m ) – Diameter: ( 8.4A m ) . ET thermic protection system: consists chiefly of sprayed-on froth insularity, Thermal isolators are required for liquid H armored combat vehicle fond regards to prevent the liquefaction of air on open metal, and to cut down heat flow into the liquid H. Development of the ETs thermic protection system has been so difficult consisted of a battery power beginning, a receiving system, aerials and munition. B ) Internal: it joins the LOX armored combat vehicle and the HL2 armored combat vehicle. The internal armored combat vehicle length is ( 6.9A m ) , diameter is ( 8.4A m ) 2 ) Two projectiles: Those are called SRBs ( Solid Rocket Booster ) used during the first two proceedingss of powered flight, SRBs provide the chief push to raise the bird off the up to an height of about 46A kilometers, the two SRBs carry the weight of the external armored combat vehicle and satellite and convey the weight burden, the SRBs are the largest solid-propellant motors of all time flown, each SRB weighs about 1,300,000 lbs at launch. SRBs constituents are: keep down stations, electrical power distribution, hydraulic power units, thrust vector control, rate gyro assemblies, and propellent. 3 ) The organic structure: is the orbital ballistic capsule of the Space Shuttle plan, the satellite is a reclaimable winged â€Å" ballistic capsule † , the ballistic capsule can transport crews, the Orbiter looks like an aircraft with double-delta wings. The Orbiter ‘s crew cabin consists of three degrees: the flight deck, the mid-deck, and the public-service corporation country. The upper 1 is the flight deck which seats the pilot, with two mission specializers behind them. The mid-deck, which is below the flight deck, has three more seats for the remainder of the crew members, and the galley, lavatory, sleep locations, and storage cabinets besides on the mid-deck. The Thermal Protection System ( TPS ) covers the exterior of the Orbiter, protecting it from the cold soak of -121 A °C in infinite to the 1649 A °C heat. The satellite is made chiefly from aluminum metal, although the engine push construction is made from Ti metal. Its length: ( 37.24 m ) – tallness: ( 17.25 m ) – empty weight: ( 68,585 kilogram ) . The crew: ( 6-7 â€Å" Commander, Pilot, 4-5 Mission Specialists and/or Payload Specialists † , 2 â€Å" Commander and Pilot † for lower limit ) . V ) Manufacturing infinite bird VI ) Latest events: Finally allow us turn to the latest events of infinite birds and the latest intelligence, engineerings, trips aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. A ) Latest intelligence: Discovery: In 19/4/2010 The infinite bird Discovery and its spacemans arrived back on Earth, A wrapping up a 15-day, 6 million-mile journey to the International Space Station, taking a rare flight way that carried them over America ‘s heartland.A Discovery commanding officer Alan Poindexter and pilot James Dutton guided the trade, set downing on Runway 33 at Kennedy Space Center around 9:08 ante meridiem ET.A The sky over NASA ‘s Florida landing strip cleared plenty at dawn to give Mission Control the assurance to convey the seven spacemans place. An hr before the scheduled 9:08 ante meridiem touchdown, commanding officer Poindexter and his copilot fired the braking projectiles and began their descent.A It was Discovery ‘s thirty-eighth flight and penultimate flight.A Atlantis: Atlantis bird has made 31 flights and now is being prepared for the following flight. Space shuttle Atlantis was moved to the launch tablet in 22/4/2010 inA readying for the STS-132 mission, targeted for launch May 14 at 2:19 p.m. B ) Latest engineerings: â€Å" Lockheed X-33 Launch Vehicle † A is the paradigm for the new infinite bird to be used by NASA in the twenty-first century. Developed a usage Field-Programmable-Gatearray ( FPGA ) utilizing the verilog linguistic communication for an Advanced Flight Experiment. When commanded, this FPGA reads informations from the Advanced Gyro, Accelerometers, and Temperature detectors, so transmits the information back to the flight computing machine. Through the usage of the raising organic structure form, composite liquid fuel armored combat vehicles, and the aerospike engine, A NASAA andA Lockheed MartinA hoped to prove wing a trade that would show the viability of aA single-stage-to-orbitA ( SSTO ) design. An SSTO trade would non necessitate external fuel armored combat vehicles or supporters to make low-earth orbit. Making off with the demand for â€Å" presenting † with launch vehicles, such as with the Shuttle and the Apollo projectiles, would take to an inherently more dependable and safer infinite launch vehicle. While the X-33 would non near airplane-like safety, the X-33 would try to show that 0.997 dependability, or 3 bad lucks out of 1,000 launches, which would be an order of magnitude more dependable than the Space Shuttle system, was accomplishable. The 15 planned experimental X-33 flights could merely get down this statistical rating. How to cite Detailed Overview Of Space Shuttles Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Culture in Post-Colonial Asia free essay sample

A look at the Sinhala elite and Shiv Sena sub-cultures of Asia and how their customs have developed since the Colonial period. This paper considers the issue of culture within the context of post-colonial Asia. The paper examines the cultural structure of two cultures; the Sinhala elite and Shiv Sena and how these groups developed and emerged, redefining their own identity. How the Hindu religion has influenced these cultural developments is also discussed. Religion is a man made concept, as such all things connected to this can be seen as pure superstition and non existent, yet from an anthropological point of view the religions and superstitions of other races is seen as an important and integral aspect of research and calls for an open and understanding mind. Man has since the dawn of time been involved in one form of symbolism, whether it be through cave paintings or making idols of goddesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture in Post-Colonial Asia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page